An appraisal on synthetic and pharmaceutical perspectives of pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold

Bioorg Med Chem. 2018 Jan 15;26(2):309-339. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.012. Epub 2017 Oct 25.

Abstract

Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine, a fused heterocycle bearing pyrazole and pyrimidine portions has gained a significant attention in the field of bioorganic and medicinal chemistry. Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives have demonstrated numerous pharmacological activities particularly, anti-cancer, anti-infectious, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, adenosine antagonists and cytokinin antagonists etc. This review extensively unveils the synthetic and pharmacological diversity with special emphasis on structural variations around pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold. This endeavour has thus uncovered the medicinal worthiness of pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine framework. To the best of our knowledge this review is the first compilation on synthetic, medicinal and structure activity relationship (SAR) aspects of pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines since 1956.

Keywords: Anti-cancer agents; Anti-infectious agents; Cytokinin antagonists; PDE-5 inhibitors; Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine; Synthetic strategies.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Adenosine / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Adenosine / metabolism
  • Anti-Infective Agents / chemical synthesis
  • Anti-Infective Agents / chemistry
  • Anti-Infective Agents / pharmacology*
  • Antineoplastic Agents / chemical synthesis
  • Antineoplastic Agents / chemistry
  • Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacology*
  • Cytokinins / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Cytokinins / metabolism
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / chemical synthesis
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / chemistry
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / pharmacology*
  • Humans
  • Molecular Structure
  • Neoplasms / drug therapy*
  • Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / metabolism
  • Pyrazoles / chemical synthesis
  • Pyrazoles / chemistry
  • Pyrazoles / pharmacology*
  • Pyrimidines / chemical synthesis
  • Pyrimidines / chemistry
  • Pyrimidines / pharmacology*

Substances

  • Anti-Infective Agents
  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Cytokinins
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Pyrazoles
  • Pyrimidines
  • pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine
  • Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
  • Adenosine